PCR-Based Molecular Diagnostics of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted viruses in the world. HPV is a key etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer and other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. Early detection and accurate genotyping of this virus are crucial for disease prevention and screening programs. Among current molecular diagnostic methods, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become the gold standard due to its high sensitivity and specificity, as well as its ability to detect low viral loads. This review summarizes the principles, methodologies, and diagnostic applications of PCR-based HPV detection. The review also discusses traditional PCR, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and other PCR-based approaches. The main advantages, limitations, and clinical importance of these methods are explained. Furthermore, it has been determined that there are factors affecting diagnostic accuracy, including sample collection and DNA extraction, primer selection, and result interpretation. The role of PCR in HPV genotyping, epidemiological surveillance, and the prevention of cervical cancer is also being investigated. The obtained results indicate that PCR-based molecular diagnostics ensure the reliable and highly sensitive detection of HPV infection. Furthermore, it supports public health strategies aimed at the early diagnosis of the infection, patient management, and the reduction of HPVrelated diseases.